Personal Perception of Organized Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 665 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Crime Essay Criminal Law Essay Did you like this example? Personal Perception of Organized Crime University of Phoenix CJA/393 Organized Crime By Magdalena Enger September 12, 2010 Personal perception of organized crime American organized crime history goes back as far as the colonial period when pirates were considered to be the first organized criminals in America. However, many historians believe that 1920s Chicago and New York gangs were the true beginning of these criminal families. Even though definite dates have never been established, organized crime has become extremely advanced. It is one of the most structured, dangerous, very hard to detect and even harder to fight against. Modern organized crime is a major issue in the United States and one of the toughest to deal with by law enforcement. Organized criminals are very dangerous individuals who have no known limits and they will do anything necessary to achieve their goals, to profit and gain power by any means available to them. Many individuals portray organized cri me as crimes that are shown by the media on television or in the movies such as â€Å"The Godfather†, â€Å"American Gangster† or â€Å"The Sopranos. The media gives society ideas about the lifestyles and activities that individuals associated with organized crime groups engage in. This perception is limited and not nearly close to reality. My perception of organized crime is one of violence, deception, intimidation, and blackmail to benefit the group. Also their involvement in prostitution, street drugs, gambling, politics, and money laundering to achieve power and respect. This includes but does not imply any limits to terrorists, gangs, and mafia. Organized crime is defined as an illegal activity that involves a group of at least three people (two members and a leader). The leader is a person who makes the rules and gives orders to members. Members are assigned to specific jobs depending on their skills. Organized criminals engage in illegal activities that perm it their leaders to earn profits or control territories or markets, internal or foreign, by means of violence, intimidation or corruption. In organized crime the leader is isolated from direct engagement in criminal activities. So called â€Å"dirty jobs† are carried out by members of the organized crime group. Crime syndicates, mafia families and gangs prove their loyalty to their leader and organization by fulfilling their obligations to the group. Cartels, mafias, gangs, syndicates, and triads are some of organized crime groups. All these groups do not tolerate competition that is why they fight for monopolization in their field (such as drug trafficking). Organized crime has a number of characteristics. The main goal is to gain profit, power, respect, pride, and protection. Organized crime groups supply illegal goods and services such as drugs or prostitution that many people crave and are willing to pay for. Another characteristic of organized crime is a hierarchic al structure as a business that has a boss (leader), an advisor who works closely with the boss, a crew leader who runs group members, and members who carry out a wide range of assigned tasks, from collecting money, dealing and trafficking drugs, prostitution, gambling, money laundering, racketeering, extortion and killing people. Another characteristic of organized crime groups is limited or exclusive membership, which is awarded by the leader. According to Lyman and Potter â€Å"this characteristic refers to ethic background, kinship, race, long time friendship, or other variables that make the recruit an attractive candidate for membership† (2007, p. 7). In conclusion, organized crime may be a great way to get reach and powerful for some people. However, once person becomes a member of any organized crime group he or she is committed to a full loyalty to a leader and organization. Only one mistake on the part of a member may jeopardize their love once or their own we ll being. Affiliates designate their life to the so called â€Å"criminal families†, and in exchange they get money and respect. References: Lyman, M. D. , Potter, G. W. (2007). Organized crime (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Mallory, S. L. (2007). Understanding organized crime. Sudbury MA: Jones and Bartlett. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Perception of Organized Crime" essay for you Create order

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1103 Words

Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations is a bildungsroman that shows the youth, corruption and redemption of a young man named Pip. The boy begins as an innocent child until he comes into contact with a young lady, Estella, and some sudden wealth. As a young man, he strives to be a gentleman and live up to his great expectations, as well as to woo Estella. Finally, Pip becomes a gentleman after accepting his mistakes and coming to terms with his surrounding company. Overall, Pip undergoes great changes from a kind and timid child, to an ungrateful and materialistic young man, to a thankful and kind gentleman due to his great expectations. At the start of Pip’s journey, he is introduced as a timid but kind young boy. He is brought up by his sister, who is shown to be harsh and demanding. She constantly berates him, calling him ungrateful despite him being brought up â€Å"by hand† (Dickens 8). This is the basis for Pip’s poor confidence. This weakness pairs badly with his innate sense of kindness. When he meets the convict, Pip is easily overwhelmed and harassed by the convict, even being lifted and turned upside down by the man. Pip proceeds to follow the man’s orders and brings him food and a file. His timidity prevents him from standing up for himself while his kindness urges him to oblige to others. This combination causes him inner turmoil. Pip becomes so caught up in guilt for his wrongdoings that he even begins to hallucinate, and images that cows are speaking to him. This isShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male charac ters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1344 Words   |  6 Pagessomething that is not what they truly need? Often, they use social class to fill a void in their lives that can not be filled by materialistic possessions. Many people realize this, but it is often too late. Charles Dickens demonstrates the effects of social climbing in his novel, Great Expectations. This novel explores the connections and effects of human nature and society, which are the two most powerful forces that guide people’s decisions. Some may say that social climbing is good, but as will beRead MoreGreat Expectat ions by Charles Dickens1285 Words   |  6 PagesAP Great Book Assignment: Great Expectations The 544-page, Bildungsroman novel, Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is considered a classic because it has stood the test of time, appealing to generation after generation of readers while still remaining relevant to them. Published in 1861, Dickens created a coming-of-age story that is similar to his other novel, David Copperfield, but Great Expectations is considered to have reflected parts of his own life. There are several parallels betweenRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginni ng of the novel. From the opening of

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 5 Free Essays

string(38) " Adam was exactly what Cassie needed\." It was the middle of the night, dark and quiet, when Cassie unlocked the gunmetal chest and reached inside for her father’s Book of Shadows. She held the book close to her face, and took a deep breath in. It smelled musty and old. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She ran her palm over its soft, faded cover and traced its inscription with her finger. She wanted to absorb every detail. Finally, she pressed her thumb onto the worn oval on its corner – Black John’s fingerprint – and found it was a perfect fit. Cassie knew what she was doing was wrong. She’d promised herself she wouldn’t open the book without Adam. But she couldn’t control her own hands. They shook with excitement as she flipped through the book’s yellowed pages. The words printed there still appeared as wavy lines and ancient symbols, but they were somehow more familiar to her. She could sense their meaning; she could almost taste it. And as she continued scanning each page, from top to bottom, left to right, she could feel herself getting sucked into the book itself, like she was becoming a part of it and it a part of her. That dark feeling she was beginning to know so well filled her stomach, and then her heart. Soon it was shivering provocatively through her whole body. With a final shudder, Cassie startled awake. All was still and silent in her room. It was just a bad dream, she thought, but a painful throbbing ran from the tips of her fingers up the length of her wrists. Cassie reached over to her lamp on the nightstand and found she could barely grip the switch to turn it on. But when she did, the light revealed an alarming sight: The marks on her hands had deepened to a shocking crimson. And, Cassie noticed, there was a dark red, cruel-looking welt on the inside of her left palm. It was a new mark. But the book was locked away – there was no way Cassie could have actually touched it. Could she? She ducked under her bed to check for the gunmetal chest. She’d positioned it just so, perfectly aligned with a faint line on the floorboard, so she could easily tell if someone discovered and tampered with it. The chest was in place with its lock still fastened. Next, Cassie checked her jewelry box. The key was there, lying innocently beside the chalcedony rose, just as she’d left it. But Cassie was sure she’d had the book in her hands – how else could these new marks be explained? And she was positive she’d actually been reading the book. She felt different. A strange energy surged through her veins. It felt like strength, like capability. Like power. Cassie woke up the next morning to find her mother pulling open the curtains in her room, filling it with bright sunlight. â€Å"You were really in a deep sleep,† her mother said. â€Å"You snored right through your alarm.† Cassie glanced down at her burned hands and hid them beneath the bedspread. â€Å"Your friends came by about an hour ago,† her mother continued. â€Å"But I sent them home.† Cassie sat up and tried to get her bearings. â€Å"You sent them home? We were supposed to have a Circle meeting.† â€Å"You seemed to need your rest more.† Her mother patted Cassie aside and sat next to her. â€Å"I went ahead and told your friends about the secret room in the basement. And I already spoke to Faye’s mother and Laurel’s guardians about letting them spend their nights here. Everything’s all set. That’s one less thing for you to worry about.† Cassie’s mouth was dry and her mind was still groggy, but she was awake enough to understand that her mother was supporting her in a whole new way. She had basically sat in on Cassie’s Circle meeting for her and single-handedly accomplished everything on the agenda. Her mother, the same woman who had refused to even utter the word witchcraft one year earlier. â€Å"And another thing,† her mom said. â€Å"You and your friends are going to the spring dance. It’s been decided.† For a second Cassie thought she might be dreaming again, but then she noticed her mother’s sly smile. â€Å"Really,† Cassie said. â€Å"The Circle decided that. And I’m sure you played no part in convincing them.† â€Å"Guilty as charged.† Her mother raised up her hands, defenseless. â€Å"I think you all deserve a break. And it’ll be a good reminder that you’re in high school – these are supposed to be the best years of your life.† True, Cassie thought. She was in high school, but she also had people’s lives in her hands. Not to mention her own. â€Å"Are you hungry?† her mother asked, changing the subject before Cassie could protest the dance. â€Å"You must be, it’s already lunchtime. I’ll fix us something to eat.† She was already through the door headed for the kitchen when Cassie called out to her. â€Å"Mom – thank you.† Cassie knew just how lucky she was, not only to have a mother – unlike most of her friends – but to have her mother. â€Å"Mmhmm,† her mother replied modestly, like it was nothing at all. Cassie let her head drop back onto her pillow. Her mind immediately began to spin. She needed to tell Adam about the dream she had had last night, if it had been a dream at all. Even now, as exhausted as she felt, Cassie had the urge to grab the book and search its pages for anything resembling the witch-hunter curse. Cassie reached for her cell phone to quickly text Adam: What are you up to? Can you come over? He instantly wrote back: Can’t. Taking Grandma to doctor, remember? But I’ll see you tonight. That’s right. She knew Adam was busy today, but they’d made plans to have the evening to themselves. Where was her head? The restless night had left her brain foggy and confused. A night alone with Adam was exactly what Cassie needed. You read "The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 5" in category "Essay examples" In addition to everything about the book and the dream, there was something even more overwhelming weighing on Cassie’s mind: She had to talk to Adam about the cord she’d seen connecting Adam to Scarlett on the night Scarlett left town. Whether or not Adam had seen it, and whether or not talking about it would be like throwing a hammer through the glass window of their relationship, it had to be addressed tonight. There could be no more secrets between them. Cassie crawled out of bed and headed toward the sweet smells wafting from the kitchen. She’d better eat; she’d need her strength later. Faye and Laurel appeared at Cassie’s front door that afternoon with suitcases in tow. â€Å"Pop the champagne,† Faye said sarcastically as she stepped inside. â€Å"We’re here to prepare for our extended slumber party.† Laurel sped past her and asked where the secret room was. She obviously didn’t want to waste any time with small talk. â€Å"Follow me,† Cassie said. She was still feeling shaken up from her nightmare and had hoped the doorbell would be Adam arriving early, but for Faye’s and Laurel’s sake she tried to sound pleasant. She also did her best to keep her burns covered, though that was becoming more and more challenging. The sleeves of her shirts were getting stretched out from constantly pulling them down over her hands. â€Å"This feels like something out of an Edgar Allan Poe story,† Faye said as Cassie led them downstairs and through the basement. â€Å"Wasn’t he a fan of burying people alive?† Laurel nodded. â€Å"In catacombs. Subterranean receptacles of the dead.† â€Å"I think you’ll have a change of heart when you see it,† Cassie said. When they reached the bookcase, Cassie explained how it worked as a secret door. Then she closed her eyes, focused her energy on the wall of books, and recited the words her mother had used: â€Å"Enchanted threshold, door untold, reveal to me what you conceal.† Surprise flashed across Faye’s and Laurel’s faces the moment the doorway appeared in the bookshelf. â€Å"Your grandmother was a sneaky lady,† Faye said. â€Å"A woman of my own kind.† Laurel stepped inside the room and picked up a plush throw pillow from the sofa. â€Å"It’s like Victorian England in here.† â€Å"I’m glad you like it.† Cassie smiled. â€Å"I want you both to be comfortable.† â€Å"It certainly has less of a bomb-shelter feel than I expected,† said Faye. Cassie knew that was the closest thing to a compliment she was going to get. Faye claimed her side of the room and immediately began taking things out of her suitcase and spreading them around – some candles and perfume bottles, her makeup case, her favorite jewelry. â€Å"What we should be doing,† Faye said, as she arranged her nail polishes and lipsticks upon the dresser by color, â€Å"is taking action against Max and his dad. I don’t understand what we’re waiting for.† â€Å"We are taking action.† Cassie tried to sound patient but firm. â€Å"But it’s important for you two to keep under the radar as best you can.† â€Å"It’s not fair,† Laurel blurted out. She was standing over her closed suitcase, not as quick to settle in as Faye. â€Å"I know,† Cassie said, as sympathetically as she could. â€Å"But I promise you, Laurel, we’ll do what we have to do. In the meantime, keeping close to the Circle is the best way to truly be safe.† â€Å"I still want to go to the Spring Fling tomorrow night,† Faye said, without looking up from her tincture collection. The tiny vials ranged from innocuous-looking browns to malicious purples. â€Å"The rest of the Circle will be there. There’s no reason Laurel and I should have to miss it.† Cassie didn’t bat an eye. â€Å"You’re free to go to the dance if you want to. But Mr. Boylan and Max will be there, too, and there’ll only be a handful of chaperones guarding an endless number of dark hallways. Need I remind you of Jeffrey Lovejoy hanging dead in the boiler room the night of the homecoming dance last year? Is that what you want to happen to you, Faye?† Cassie didn’t realize until a moment too late that she’d been yelling. Her face and neck felt flushed and she’d broken into a sweat. Faye was so caught off guard by Cassie’s eruption, her only response was stunned silence. Laurel backed away from her, awestruck. Cassie’s hands were balled into fists. When she released them, the burns on her skin tingled. â€Å"Cassie’s right,† Laurel said, still eyeing Faye with an expression of alarm. â€Å"Forget the stupid dance. We’ll hang out here and watch a movie. Your pick.† Faye simply nodded, which was a more agreeable gesture than Cassie thought she was capable of. It wasn’t like Faye to let anyone off easy, and Cassie was grateful for it. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Cassie said, trying to inject a new calm into her voice. â€Å"I didn’t mean to snap at you like that.† Faye returned to her suitcase and resumed unpacking, but she refused to look Cassie in the eye. â€Å"Faye,† Cassie said, softening her voice further. â€Å"I don’t know what came over me. I think I’m just on edge with everything going on.† It was the best she could do for a peace offering, but Faye wasn’t taking the bait. â€Å"It’s okay, Cassie,† Laurel said. She’d finally opened her suitcase and had begun removing her things, laying them out neatly on the dresser. â€Å"None of us feel like ourselves these days.† Faye sprayed her neck and wrists with perfume and then rubbed them together. â€Å"I feel just fine,† she said, as the air around her grew heavy with the perfume’s invigorating scent. â€Å"Better than fine, in fact. Unlike some people, I’m in complete control of myself.† She glanced at Cassie at last, as if she were deciding to pursue an argument or let it go. â€Å"I guess you’re a stronger person than I am,† Cassie said, knowing that was the one thing she could say to make Faye feel better. And it did. After a few seconds, Faye’s eyebrows relaxed and she said, â€Å"At least you’re willing to admit that.† Then she moved to her bed, opened her laptop, and asked, â€Å"Can we at least get Wi-Fi down here?† Cassie smiled. â€Å"I think that’s the least I can do.† And just like that, she’d been forgiven for her outburst. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 5, Essay examples

Difference between Utilitarianism and Kant theories

Question: Discuss about the Difference between Utilitarianism and Kant theories. Answer: Utilitarianism theory governs a perspective, which analyses an action based on its outcomes. If the consequence is right then the action is right or vice-versa (West, 2013). However, Kant theory believes in a perspective, which analyses the action prior to its consequences. Further, it does not focus on the outcomes; it rather governs the action based on psychological aspects (Ameriks, 2014). The Utilitarianism theory believes in the consequence of an action, it never cares the nature of work (Conway Gawronski, 2013). Moreover, it is clearly evident that a consequence outcome of an action is of utmost important in the Utilitarianism theory. This belief is extremely effective in bringing out the desired consequences. However, in doing so, it often becomes an ignorant body to the human life (Gray Schein, 2012). The particular theory does not find a strong foothold in organizations across the globe for its hard core nature to the human sentiments. Human sentiments have no values for a utilitarian approach. Nonetheless, the adherence of this theory in organizations would affect the morale of their working (Conway Gawronski, 2013). They would feel demoralized, which can also affect their respective responsibilities in organizations. Applying hard core rules to the organizational behaviour might find certain favours but that does not hold any guarantee of a sublime commitmen t from employees (Gray Schein, 2012). The support of some employees might have occurred because of the fact that they do not have sufficient guts to protest the organizational obligations. However, these kinds of employees are less in number across the organizations in the globe. Moreover, the probable situation, which could arise in organizations with the adherence of the Utilitarianism theory, might destroy the fundamental organizational practice, which is indeed extremely important for its successful operations (Conway Gawronski, 2013). Kants ethics respect the moral values of human behaviour in organizational practices. The theory though respects the organizational hard core nature towards the job responsibility of employees. However, it does not believe in such a hard core rules obligations to employees, which could attract suicide cases in case of not meeting with the organizational requirement (West, 2013). The theory mainly focuses on human values and keeps it above all the organizational fundamentals. Moreover, it believes that if human values are kept secured, it would result in a better performance. As per the Kant theory, some of the suicide cases happen because of the compulsions, which organizations impose on employees (Ameriks, 2014). Motivation is an important characteristic of employees, which is driven by certain factors that acts as a catalyst in promoting the beliefs in employees. A half-hearted dedication might not produce the desired result for an organization as it affects the functionalities of morale behaviour. Nevertheless, an entire motivation is not possible in organizational practices. However, the maximum practising of it is only possibly if the Kant theory finds its obligations across the organizations in the globe (Conway Gawronski, 2013). The Kant theory is highly effective in enhancing the moral values of employees in organizations. However, the Utilitarianism approach merely supports any human values apart from its hard core rules obligations. It rather supports the productive nature of an action, which is not favourable for employees in most of the cases. Due to the moral values of the Kant theory, which it imparts to its followers, the theory finds a foothold in organizational practices. References: Ameriks, K. (2014). Kant's moral and legal philosophy. Conway, P., Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach.Journal of personality and social psychology,104(2), 216. Gray, K., Schein, C. (2012). Two minds vs. two philosophies: Mind perception defines morality and dissolves the debate between deontology and utilitarianism.Review of Philosophy and Psychology,3(3), 405-423. West, H. R. (2013). Utilitarianism.The international encyclopedia of ethics.

In The Style Of Twain Essays - English-language Films,

In The Style Of Twain 1 In the Style of Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is said to be the source from which all great American literature has stemmed (Smith 127). This is in part attributed to Mark Twain's ability to use humor and satire, as well as incorporating serious subject matter into his work. Throughout the novel Twain takes on the serious issue of Huck's moral dilemma. One such issue which is particularly important in the novel is pointed out by Smith: He swears and smokes, but he has a set of ethics all his own. He believes that slaves belong to their rightful owners, yet in his honest gratitude toward his friend Jim, he helps him to escape the bonds of slavery. (181) This is something that tears at Huck throughout the novel and helps Twain show how complex Huck's character really is. The recognition of complexity in Huck's character enabled Twain to do full justice to the conflict of vernacular values and the dominant culture (Smith 125). Throughout Huck and Jim's adventures Huck is constantly playing practical jokes on Jim who seems to take them all in stride. But unknown to the reader Twain uses this aspect as another notch in Huck's moral 2 growth. Critic Frank McGill points this out: Huck's humble apology for the prank he plays on Jim in the fog is striking evidence of growth in Huck's moral insight. It leads naturally to the next chapter in which Twain causes Huck to face up for the first time to the fact he is helping a slave escape.(119) Another serious issue addressed by Twain is the abuse that was given to Huck by his father. Huck was kidnaped from the Widow Douglas by his father who had heard of his inheritance. Huck's father then took him to a cabin far away in the woods where he kept the boy a prisoner, beating him and half starving him. Twain tells us how Huck felt about life with his father: Before long Huck began to wonder why he had even liked living with the widow. With his father he could smoke and swear all he wanted, and his life would have been quiet pleasant if it had not been for all of the constant beatings. (156) Huck would soon after grow tired of the beatings and fakes his death to escape the cabin. The humorous side of Twain is probably what he is most well known for. Humor is considered an art form by many writers. Jane Bernadette states the difference between humor and comical stories: The humorous story is strictly a work of art high and delicate and only an Curran 3 artist can tell it; but no art is necessary in telling the comic and the witty story; anybody can do it. The art of telling a humorous story-understand, I mean by word of mouth, not print-was created in America and has remained at home. (159) Twain satirizes the south for its seriousness on certain matters. I think one of the most notably southern traits of Mark Twain's humor is its power of seeing the fun of southern seriousness(Bernadette 175). Twain also satirizes the society of the ?day' by describing the colonel Grangerford as the symbol of southern aristocracy(245). Twain also goes on to satirize the south's racism. One such instance is pointed out in the novel when Aunt Polly hears of a steamboat explosion. Good gracious is anyone hurt? No, it just killed a negro (209). Religious satire is another aspect that Twain uses. An easy illustration of this is the Widow's attempt to teach Huck religious principles while she persists on keeping slaves. Huck's principles of morality make him more ?Christian' than the Widow even though he takes no interest in her lifeless principles(Bernadette 288). Twain's humor has been mistaken by some to be racist or politically incorrect. The humor of Mark Twain contains a sense of the i ncongruous which frontiersmen felt in a region where civilization and uncultivated nature come face to face (McGill 95). In conclusion I think that the style and structure of Mark Twain's work not only exemplifies him as a humorist but as a serious writer as well ; a writer who cannot be Curran 4 categorized by any one

How to Improve a Students Self-Esteem

How to Improve a Students' Self-Esteem Weve long known that when students feel good about themselves, they are much more likely to become better achievers in the classroom. Fostering can-do attitudes and building students confidence by setting them up for success and providing positive feedback along with frequent praise are essential tools for both teachers and parents. Think about yourself, the more confident you feel, the better you feel about the task at hand and your ability to do it. When a child is feeling good about themselves, its much easier to motivate them to become academically proficient. Self-Esteem Comes First Whats the next step? First of all, in order to help improve self-esteem, we have to be careful in the way we provide feedback. Dweck (1999), a proponent of the growth mindset approach,  argues that having a particular goal orientation, (learning goal or performance goal) to base feedback on as opposed to person-orientated praise will be more effective. In other words, avoid using statements like: Im proud of you; Wow, you worked hard. Instead, focus the praise on the task or process. Praise the students specific effort and strategy. For instance, I notice you selected the cube-a-links to solve that problem, thats a great strategy. I noticed that you didnt make any computational errors this time! When using this type of feedback, youve addressed both self-esteem and youve supported the childs motivational level for academic goals. Tips for Building Self Esteem Self-esteem is important in and out of the classroom. Teachers and parents can support self-esteem by remembering some of the following: Always accentuate the positive: Do you ever notice those suffering from a low self- esteem tend to focus on the negative? Youll hear statements like: Oh, I was never any good at that. I cant keep friends. This actually indicates that this person needs to like themselves more!Give children the opportunity to tell you 10 things they like about themselves: Prompt them to state things they can do well, things they feel good about. You will be surprised at how many children suffering from low self-esteem have difficulty with this task - youll need to provide prompts. (This is also a great beginning of the year activity)Avoid criticism: Those suffering from low self-esteem struggle the most when given criticism. Be sensitive to this. Always remember that self-esteem is about how much children feel valued, appreciated, accepted, loved and having a good sense of self-worth. Having a good self-image. Understand that as parents and teachers, you play one of the biggest roles in how good or ba d a child can feel about themselves. The influence of a parent or teacher can make and break a childs sense of self-esteem. Dont abuse it. Expectations must always be realistic: This goes along with setting children up for success. Differentiated instruction is key and goes a long way to ensure that teachers know their students and ensures the types of tasks/expectations match the childs strengths and ability levels.See the learning in errors or mistakes: Turn mistakes inside out and focus on what was or will be learned from the mistake. This helps a child focus on the positive, not the negative. Remind students that everyone makes mistakes but its how those mistakes are handled that makes the difference. We need to see them as learning opportunities. Powerful learning can often be the result of a mistake made.Self-esteem is an important component to almost everything children do: Not only will it help with academic performance, it supports social skills and makes it easier for children to have and keep friends. Relationships with peers and teachers are usually more positive with a healthy dose of self-esteem. Children are also better equipped to cope with mistakes, disappointment, and failure, they are more likely to stick with challenging tasks and complete learning activities. Self-esteem is needed life-long and we need to remember the important role we play to enhance or damage a childs self-esteem. Reference: Dweck, C. S. (1999) Self Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development. Hove: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group.

Definition of Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of Addiction - Essay Example Actually, addiction is rampant challenge in the world especially among the young people and has adverse effects on human life. There have been many arguments and researches on addiction with various scholars and researchers drawing diverse definitions and explanations on the reference topic. Philip Stater is one of such scholars that seek to explain addiction. Indeed, in his article, â€Å" Want-Creation Fuels Americans Addictiveness,† Philip Stater argues that addiction is a state of wanting and that it is a condition in which the individual feels he or she is incomplete, inadequate, lacking, not whole, and only the addition of something external can solve satisfy it (Stater 391). Philip Stater argues his point by first drawing us to the probable effects of illegalizing cigarette smoking. He argues that even though tobacco would become expensive in America, people would still smuggle tobacco to the country via Miami and New York because they cannot live without it. Moreover, he argues that even if the federal government ban growing and advertising tobacco, many Americans would consequently try smoking cigarette for the first time since Americans love making laws but hate implementing them. He further argues that Americans are self-centred, restless, dissatisfied, and innovative and love trying new things that will give them comfort with speed and no hustles.

ENG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

ENG - Essay Example Having come across certain definitions and details that account for how ‘doublespeak’ generally functions, it seems that such type of language has taken on the nature or role of leading expressions to ambiguity or to euphemistic, evasive, or obscure forms. The language, otherwise known as ‘gobbledygook’, is treated as such for the deliberate intention of confusing the way an individual understands an idea by tradition. One may find it amply necessary to ask ‘why would this be so when we have rules to follow in communication especially in the technical or grammatical aspect of constructing logical thought’? In my view, based on real experience, doublespeak is sometimes being applied on instances when a person needs to be subtle or mellow, say, in breaking an upsetting news. At another situation, it can be utilized in campaigns or propagandas by a political party or socio-cultural organization in attempting to persuade the public into becoming int erested in a belief or philosophy that represents its cause. The degree by which ‘doublespeak’ affects a person may be evaluated at random on the basis of perceptions developed upon encounter of each language form which could emerge to be a jargon, inflated language, as well as that which similarly occurs to manifest a sound of ambiguity or groundless generalizations. Since these forms operate with distinct characteristics, doublespeak may be perceived to cause a varying degree of impact depending upon which form is involved and the type of people and event destined to interpret the information being delivered by a doublespeak source. As such, while using jargon works for a closed group with particular set of knowledge or principle lingoes, promoting gobbledygook may otherwise serve the interest of individuals with rare tolerance and capacity to pick up any sense of the matter dealt with despite the utter meaninglessness and deceitfulness of a doublespeak. Moreover, â⠂¬Ëœdoublespeak’ has become common in use in our society at current times that it appears automatic for most people to comprehend words in their new context. This is quite evident in the frequent application of some phrases like ‘senior citizen’, ‘person of interest’, ‘detainee’, and ‘passed away’ in place of an ‘old person’, ‘suspect in crime’, ‘prison-of-war’, and ‘died’, respectively, among a long list of doublespeak items. Whether at home, at work, at school, or elsewhere, I have had more than several circumstances of hearing, overhearing, reading, and having ‘doublespeak’ spoken of by myself. One time I gave my classmate a ring to ask about a specific lesson I missed then he responded with â€Å"Hold on please, I’m in the ‘middle of something’† rather than saying he was too busy at the moment. While having our dinner, my mother t old us â€Å"I believe that guy is ‘crossing over to the other side’† in reference to one of our neighbors whose good behaviour was gradually turning wicked. On campus grounds at another occasion, I heard two members of the faculty discussing ‘capital punishment’ which likewise meant ‘death penalty’. Somewhere I realize that using doublespeak matters in a way that it tends to make an intellectual impression so that people who reserve rich and colourful vocabulary of doublespeak must be thought of as effective communicators or masters of idioms and are thus able to express themselves in any

Prostitution as a Social Problem Research Paper

Prostitution as a Social Problem - Research Paper Example This discussion stresses that  there are three classes of prostitutes.   Those who belong to the top layer are the discreet call-girls for the affluent.   Those in the middle class are the prostitutes who work in strip clubs and massage parlors and who offer backroom services.   Those in the lowest layer are the street walkers which include the harlots, hookers and nightwalkers.   The prostitutes in the lowest layer are the ones beset by most problems.   Because they are not under any supervision, they are prone to violence and at a high healthcare risk due to unsafe sexual contact with unscreened clients.   These are the prostitutes who are in need of much help.This paper discusses that prostitution involves a lot of personalities.   Foremost among the group are the prostitutes.   In the U.S., the average age of entry into prostitution is 14 . This group which takes on the roles of prostitutes includes children or teens, or adults who entered into systems of prosti tution as children or teens.   A vast majority also includes the Third World women and children.   They are the ones who are often targets of traffickers.   These women and children are enslaved and coerced and brought to western nations for use in brothels and massage parlors, or as mail order brides.   In some Third World countries, â€Å"sex tourism† is very rampant because it offers cheap prostitution. The second group involved in prostitution are the pimps.   About 80-90% of prostitution involves a pimp.... Foremost among the group are the prostitutes. In the U.S., the average age of entry into prostitution is 14 (SAGE, n.d.). This group which takes on the roles of prostitutes includes children or teens, or adults who entered into systems of prostitution as children or teens. A vast majority also includes the Third World women and children. They are the ones who are often targets of traffickers. These women and children are enslaved and coerced and brought to western nations for use in brothels and massage parlors, or as mail order brides. In some Third World countries, â€Å"sex tourism† is very rampant because it offers cheap prostitution. The second group involved in prostitution are the pimps. About 80-90% of prostitution involves a pimp. They are either male or female with different ethnic backgrounds and social status. Pimps â€Å"control the people in prostitution through coercion, force, drug addiction, or the exploitation of economic, physical or emotional vulnerability † (SAGE, n.d.). A major group that is involved in the system of prostitution is the â€Å"demand† side, meaning the â€Å"johns†, â€Å"tricks†, customers and child sexual abusers. These are the people who are into pornography and who go to strip clubs. The other groups who are victims of the system of prostitution are the transgender, lesbian, bisexual and gay youth. Because of the discrimination that they experience from their families and communities, they are often the targets of pimps. Since some societies still find this group unacceptable, prostitution becomes their option for economic survival. Law enforcement agencies and legislators have a role to play too in prostitution. They are the group who can control, eradicate or contribute to the problem of prostitution in the

The Data Protection Act 1988 and 2003

The Data Protection Act 1988 and 2003 Monika Karaliunaite Introduction People are exchanging, sharing and using data every day.   Data, meaning information that can be processed automatically or manually.   When it comes to Personal Data which is data relating to a human being who can be identified from the data, Data Protection becomes very important. The Data Protection Act 1988 and 2003 confer rights on individuals as well as placing responsibilities on those persons processing personal data. Data Subject Data Subject or also called Data Receiver is a living individual to whom personal data relates.   Data Protection Acts provide Subjects with certain rights, to enable them to check what data relating to themselves is being held and how or where it is used.   The rights of data subjects †¢The right to establish the existence of personal data †¢The right of access †¢The right of objection †¢The right of rectification The rights come with responsibilities, it is not given to data subjects that they could make enquiries out of just simply being curious. Rather so that they can check what data is being processed on them and whether it is correct.   Ways for Data Subject to ensure rights †¢Tick boxes online (to choose whether your information can be used for any other purpose) †¢Unsubscribe (from notifications, information/offer e-mails etc.) †¢Read term and conditions, when setting up accounts online †¢Avoid to send e-mails containing confidential information †¢BCC- Email Data Controller is the one who controls the content of personal data.   It can be a legal entity like government department or a company, or an individual say, sole trader or a General Practitioner.   Data Controllers are recognised in the Data Protection Acts 1988 and 2003 as having certain responsibilities imposed on them by law. The responsibilities of Data Controller †¢Ensuring that data is obtained lawfully †¢That it is used for the purpose †¢That it is kept safe and secure †¢It is accurate and up to date †¢That it is relevant †¢That it is not disclosed or used for unlawful purposes †¢That it is not stored longer than necessary and provided to the subject on request All data controllers must comply with the rules/ responsibilities above, and some data controllers are obliged to register annually with the Data Protection Commissioner, to make evident their data handling procedures. How Data Controller ensure the responsibilities are carried out and organisations responsibilities Data Controller must make himself aware of his responsibilities relating to Data Protection.   Within organization, the staff should also be made aware of their responsibilities and appropriate induction training should be given.   Internal data protection policy, relevant to the personal data held by the organisation can be put to place, available to the staff.   Policy reflective to the elementary data protection rules, applied to the organisation.   It can then be enforced through consistent reviews and management. Data Processor Data Processor is someone who processes data on behalf data controller.   It does not include someone who is an employee of data controller and processed the data during his employment.   It is rather a subsidiary company contacted by the data controller to manage or process data on its behalf, such as: †¢Payroll Companies †¢Tax advisers †¢Accountants Data Protection Commissioner Data Protection Commissioner is a sole person who enforces Data Protection Act and its compliance.   He can investigate any complaints concerning data protection breech, develop codes of practice and maintains a register of data controllers. There have been cases when supermarkets have passed on their customers data to other companies. When using loyalty cards at supermarkets, we automatically let the company to gather the information about us without even thinking much of it.   Usually to avail of the loyalty card a questionnaire or an application form needs to be filled, so we are passing on some of our personal details to the company, therefore become the Data Subject.   The company now the Data Controller holds some of our information, and with the help of a loyalty card can continue gather information such as; log of purchases. Coming to the point, there have been cases when consumers of a supermarket have been contacted by formula company, by e-mail, advertising and offering their product.   Passing on personal information is considered a noncompliance with Data Protection Act. www.dataprotection.ie www.ictlaw.com

Decorative Glasses Essay -- Art

Abstract. Glasses have been used as decorative objects in Thailand for several hundred years. Decorative glasses can generally be seen as architectural components in old styled palaces and Buddhist objects. There were various colors ranging from transparent to amber, blue, green and red with different shades among glass of different colors. Fragments of archaeological glass samples were characterized for the first time using Raman microscopy with the aim of obtaining information that would lead to identification of the glass samples by means of laser scattering. The samples were also investigated using other techniques, such as particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope operated with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. They were mostly lead-silica based glasses. The colors resulted from metal ions. The difference in chemical composition was confirmed by Raman signature spectra. Introduction Human have used glassed decorating for centuries. History of glasses as creative arts was determined partly by technical advances in glass manufacturing and decoration, and partly by human taste and fashion. Glasses, one of the oldest artificial materials known to man, those of all types differ widely according to their chemical compositions and physical properties [1]. Glass consists of a three-dimensional Si-O network that covalent bonded Si4+ atoms connect with non-covalent bonded ones (stretching or bending) and every oxygen ion connect with two tetrahedral (bridging). Modification of the glass structure is affected by decreasing the number of Si-O bridges and the connectivity of the network [2]. There are many kinds of archaeological glass found in Thailand, such as decorative glass,... ... of an archaeological glass where found in Thailand, is mostly lead-silica based glasses. Their colors resulted from metal ions. It can be suggested that the considerable content of the fluxing lead, as well as the presence of iron and copper, can be mostly observed in the samples. The presence of gold and tin was observed only in the red colored glass. Dark blue colored glass affected mainly from cobalt that influenced by copper. Dark green ones were colored principally from copper which influenced by iron. The difference in chemical compositions of the glass samples was confirmed by Raman signature spectra. Non-destructive techniques based on Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be very useful. They offer opportunities for novel applications and prospects for new directions in archaeological science research in Thailand.

Kpop

I believe everyone here has known Hollywood right? And also Plywood? As we know, Hollywood has become the house of best actor, best movie, best music and many more. Also Plywood for its unique dance, song and their clothes such as Sari. Now†¦ How about K-pop? Have you ever heard anything about K-pop? Have you ever seen any k-pop fan girls shouting like crazy to their idols? Will you think they have wasted a lot of time thinking about their idols 2417 rather than studying?If you think in this way, I think you've misunderstand those children who chase after Korean idols. I am a huge fan of KOP. I started becoming a KOP fan girl from 2009 until now. Before I am so into KOP I used to be a person who give up easily, don't have any dreams and doesn't really like to talk to people. The past 5 years of my fan girl life had its ups and downs, Joy and tears, excitement and fulfillment. One thing for sure, I do not regret every single moment of it. Some would say I kind of wasted my 5 year s of my life for KOP.One who does not experience it would surely never understand. The Journey helped me learn more, gain more, and enhance my skills more. The most important thing that ever happens to me was I improved my communication skills a lot by making friend with different fans. If I have never entered to the world of k-pop, I will not be able to step closer to one of my dreams. As u can tell, If not for KOP I would not have experienced this Journey. It Is not really how KOP changed me but how KOP helped me acquire and learn all those things that I know will be helpful in the future.

Sesame Street and the Death of Reading essays

Sesame Street and the Death of Reading essays Sesame Street and the Death of Reading was an interesting article to read. The author explains many who actually sit down and watch the program see no educational gain for their children. It teaches kids how to read (in some areas of the program), but it doesnt teach these things that are needed most when learning to read: language, active reflection, persistence, and internal control. Sesame Street teaches words, numbers, etc. only for a short one minute time frame on the program. Im sure the kid will remember the word for a while, but in order for growing brains to learn is to repeat what it is being taught - something that Sesame Street does not do. Since the learning period is so short, teachers are blaming kids short attention span and low listening skills to Sesame Street. This program is kind of like commercials that play all day for the world to see. What you see is what you get. What you want is what sells. The Childrens Television Workshops philosophy is what kids watch is what sells (formative) rather than evaluating its real educational outcomes (normative). The author did a great job on pointing out the main factors on why Sesame Street is not the way to go program for children, especially ones aged beyond preschool and kindergarten. I thought it was interesting that the author said that the visual events, noises, and slapstick comedy emphasize a trouble in view of the fact that both disadvantaged children and those with learning disabilities have difficulty using verbal strategies for processing information. When you learn in the class there is hardly ever any comedy to it like there is on Sesame Street. I remember watching Sesame Street when i was little. All of those short breaks of learning letters and numbers I already knew. I thought it w ...

How to Avoid Biting Mites (Chiggers)

How to Avoid Biting Mites (Chiggers) Just the mention of chiggers is enough to make any outdoors-loving person tremble in fear. These tiny bugs can be difficult to see when theyre on you, but once youve suffered chigger bites, youll never forget them. Chigger bites are so itchy, they make grown men cry. So what are chiggers, and where do they live? Chiggers Are the Larvae of Mites Chiggers are nothing more than young mites, specifically the parasitic larvae of mites in the genus Trombicula. Mites belong to the class Arachnida, along with ticks and spiders. Like other arachnids, chigger mites go through four developmental stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Nymphs and adults have four pairs of legs, while the larvae have just three pairs. Unfortunately for us, three pairs of legs are all they need to catch us and make our lives miserable. The Chigger Life Cycle Its important to know that adult mites and nymphs dont bother people at all. They feed on small organisms (including insects) they find on decaying plant matter, as well as on insect eggs. Ecologically speaking, they can be considered beneficial organisms for their role feeding on other potential pests. Adult chigger mites spend the winter in the soil, under leaf litter, or in other protected places. When soil temperatures warm up in the spring, the females deposit eggs on vegetation, most often in areas where its slightly damp and the vegetation is thick. When the eggs hatch, the trouble begins. Hungry larvae crawl up the vegetation and wait for unsuspecting hosts – people, pets, or other wildlife – to wander past. Should you brush against chigger-infested vegetation, or worse, sit down to rest in shady grass full of chiggers, the tiny bugs will immediately crawl up your body, looking for a place to hide. Because chiggers measure just 1⠁„150 inch in diameter, theyre so tiny, you are unlikely to see or feel them. Backpackers, beware! If you drop your pack on the ground during a rest break, check it for chiggers before putting it back on.   Why and Where Chiggers Bite Chiggers like to settle under tight-fitting clothing, so theyll often wind up in your socks or waistband. Other favorite chigger feasting spots include the backs of your knees, your armpits, or your crotch. Once the chiggers find a good location on your body, they pierce your skin with their mouthparts and inject you with a digestive enzyme that breaks down your body tissues. Chiggers then feed on your liquefied tissues. They dont suck your blood, like mosquitoes or ticks. The chigger  remains attached to its host for several days, feeding on dissolved tissues. Once it has an adequate meal, it detaches and drops to the ground, where it continues its development into a nymph. For most people, however, the intense itching caused by the chigger bite leads to equally intense scratching, and the chigger is dislodged by frantic fingers before finishing its meal.   Avoiding Chigger Bites If youve never experienced chigger bites, consider yourself lucky and take every precaution to avoid them. To avoid chigger bites, follow three basic rules: Dress appropriately and use effective repellents when youre likely to be in potential chigger habitat.Avoid walking through chigger habitat whenever possible, and eliminate places where chiggers can breed from your property.Wash your clothing and take a shower immediately after outdoor activities where you might have encountered chiggers.

Final Exa, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final Exa, - Essay Example Solution A is hypotonic; B is isotonic while that of C is hypertonic. In the case of the solution A, the celery cell will imbibe water molecule and bulge due to osmosis. In the case of solution B, there will be no change in the shape of the celery cell (Campbell, & Reece, 2005). This is because they are of equal concentration and water molecules will be getting into the cell and leaving at the same rate. Lastly, in the solution C, the celery cell will lose shape due to loss of water molecules from the cell-the surrounding is more concentrated than the cell with solute (Campbell, & Reece, 2005). 59. The genotypes of the offspring’s will be; pP-Yy, Pp-Yy, Pp-yy, pp-yy. The phenotypes of the off springs then will be 2 yellow and plump, 1 yellow and shrunken, 1 purple and shrunken. These phenotypes are demonstrated in that manner because P and Y are dominant genes and will always prevail. 60. One of the major environmental problems facing the world is the release of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere resulting into the increased global warming. The problem is much palpable in the heavily industrialized nations that embrace technology and machinery in large scale. The release of chlorofluorocarbons, methane, carbon monoxide and other gases regarded as greenhouse gases do contribute to the entire global warming. 61. Some structures are only found in plant and not in animals these includes; Cell wall, chloroplast, and cell vacuole. The cell wall helps in the maintenance of turgor pressure experienced by the plant cell when they imbibe more water. The chloroplasts on the other hand do help the plant with the provision of chlorophyll with is the sole light trapper for the process of photosynthesis to take place. The cell vacuole also plays a very important role in the maintenance of the plant structure. 62. The term biome is used to refer to the terrestrial habitats. In the Biome, the climatic systems tend to condition certain characteristics on the plant and

History and Background of Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History and Background of Outsourcing - Essay Example . Even though America and European countries are highly developed regions compared to the countries in the other parts of the world, these regions are facing immense manpower shortage in critical employment sectors. For example, in construction industry and healthcare industry, majority of the people working in these regions are from Asian countries. In other words, opportunities are more compared to the number of available manpower resources in developing countries. Thus, manpower cost is highly expensive in developed countries whereas in developing or underdeveloped countries manpower resources are more and hence the labor cost is cheap. For example, heavily populated countries such as India and China have surplus manpower resources whereas employment opportunities are less in these countries. Out sourcing helps developed countries to exploit the abundant cheap manpower resources in heavily populated countries so that they can reduce the prices of their commodities and compete effe ctively in international market. This paper analyses the history and background of outsourcing. History and background of outsourcing The evolution of Outsourcing can be attributed to globalization and liberalization. ... Keeping these points in mind, these countries developed and introduced the globalization policies. Even though countries like China watched these polices with suspicion, they also realised the opportunities quickly and embraced globalization. As industries grown, organizations started to look for opportunities in international market. Domestic markets were insufficient for some of the major organizations to sell their products during the second half of the twentieth century. Such organizations started to explore opportunities outside the domestic market and as a result of that competition started to increase in international market. Along with opportunities, these organizations faced lot of challenges also in international market. Some organizations were able to reduce the prices of their products considerably of the availability of cheap labour in their home country. For example, Chinese products are still causing major worries to international companies because of its cheaper price s. This is because of the fact that China has plenty of manpower resources and their labour cost is comparatively low. In the 1990s, as organizations began to focus more on cost-saving measures, they started to outsource those functions necessary to run a company but not related specifically to the core business. Managers contracted with emerging service companies to deliver accounting, human resources, data processing, internal mail distribution, security, plant maintenance, and the like as a matter of â€Å"good housekeeping†. Outsourcing components to affect cost savings in key functions is yet another stage as managers seek to improve their finances (Handfield, Ph.D, 2006) Even though the business process

BARGAINING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BARGAINING - Assignment Example Kaiser Permanente thought that a national agreement might lead to nationwide strike or lack of support for the agreement by the local unions. On the other side the coalition of unions believed that the national agreement will lead to national wages that will be lower than the local rates (Leventhal, 2006). 26 of the unions were convinced that the national negotiation would not give the best results for their members. Looking at this someone can realize that the interests of Kaiser Permanente were to make sure that they were able to curb national strikes and prevent local unions from rejecting the agreement. The coalition of unions on the other side wanted to make sure that the union members had job security and that there would not be a decrease in payment rates that were resultants (Leventhal, 2006). The interests mentioned herein can be differentiated from the positions of the involved parties in that they were not the demands made by the negotiation parties. In this case the demands are what will be referred to as the positions of the involved parties. The reasons behind the demands are what are referred to as the interest. This is the primary reason as to why the herein mentioned factors can be referred to the conflicting interests of the interest-based negotiation. For Kaiser Permanente to be contributing to the negotiation process they first had to accept the local wage rates to be used nationally. This is the most appropriate through which the other party will feel like the national negotiation process had something positive for them. With such an action the Coalition of unions will not have to fear that the national agreement will lead to a situation where their members are accorded lesser wages as compared to the wages that they used to get under the local agreements. Given the fact that interest-based negotiation dwells on integration and mutual compromising, the coalition of unions will also have to agree that will prevent

Roadmap to the Development Process of Toyota Prius Essay Example for Free

Roadmap to the Development Process of Toyota Prius Essay Toyota Motor Corporation is a famous Japanese multinational corporation, and is considered the world’s second largest automaker of automobiles, trucks, buses, robots, and providing financial services. When Toyota and other Japanese carmakers entered the American market, they were not considered as a threat to the American auto industry because it was believed their cars had no appeal to American consumers However, in the 1970s, due to several problems like environmental regulations, and quality control issues with American cars, a good number of American car owners began searching for alternatives to poorly made American cars. In response to these changes, Toyota and other Japanese carmakers aggressively marketed their cars to Americans as being fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly, and having better build quality than American cars. In addition, Toyota marketed their cars with commercials involving young Toyota drivers jumping in the air. As a result, the Japanese’s marketing campaign along with continuing problems from the Big Three auto manufacturers, allowed import cars to make up about 20 percent of the US car market by 1980. Stage1. General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler focused in the late 1990s on mergers and acquisitions for improving their business positions to meet future challenges. Toyota, meanwhile, centered its business strategy on technological innovation and persistent environmental product development. The price of oil was not especially high during the 1990s when Toyota started its hybrid car program. Oil prices were below US $20 barrel in 1994 and were to fall to a 50-year low around 1997 when the Toyota Prius was first sold in Japan. Clearly something else was driving Toyota and other Japanese companies to invest so heavily in hybrid car development. There are three probable reasons: 1 . High petrol taxes in Japan, due to the Japanese government wanting to reduce the dependence of Japan on imported oil. While this would have certainly driven the Japanese development of hybrid cars, petrol was cheap in the key US market at this time. 2) The potential to gain a market advantage by developing the key technologies required to successfully commercialize hybrid cars, and then owning these developments via patents. 3) The expectation that ownership of these key fuel savings technologies would become very valuable when world oil prices rise from the lows of the mid-1990s, which was a fair long-term assumption to make during this period. Stage2: Decision Making Process: In 1994, the executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil reserves and climate change and change their strategy or products to meet the needs of future customers. Course of Action: Toyota set up a group tasked with meeting the challenge of creating a vehicle for the 21st century, which would work within the parameters of natural resource constraints and environmental issues. Commitment to course of action: Toyota pioneered the concept of Hybrid (petrol/electric) technology to mass produce the world’s first eco-efficient vehicle, the Toyota Prius. Evaluation of decision/re-engineering: The first prototype of the car had even faced starting problem. It took almost six months to roll the car. Finally, when the car started, it moved for a few yards only. It was hard to imagine that Toyota, which was known for its efficient production systems, was facing such trouble. Initially it felt that ‘Prius’ was a case of technological problems, impossible demands and multiple miscalculations. It proved how a great company could overcome obstacles and turn a dream into reality. Though ‘Prius’ represented only a small fraction of the nine million cars and trucks that the Japanese company planned to produce in 2006, it would be the first vehicle to provide a serious alternative to internal combustion engines, designed for a world of scarce oil and was branded as ‘The car for the future’. Stage3: Toyota carefully studied the US market and sees there is a growing oil crisis and foresees a need for change in the structure for cars, converting their needs to oil saving cars. While American car manufactures lacked producing such cars, then Toyota caught that opportunity and tried to occupy this niche market. By 2002, it was being sold in North America, Japan, Europe, Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore. Analysts opined that the demand for hybrid cars would rise because of the unstable oil prices and the growing need for environment friendly products. Post Evaluation By examining the external environment and acknowledging the potential threats of depleting resources and increased concern over environmental issues, Toyota have turned a threat into a business opportunity, boosting their reputation both as an environmentally conscious and as technological innovators and established themselves as leaders in this growing market. The car industry faces many complex issues, but the introduction of the Prius provided Toyota with a competitive advantage. RoadMap to the development Process of Toyota Prius. Stage1| Stage2| Stage3| Executive level| 1 Expressed concern about the future of the automobile2. Embarked a new project called G21 to the team3. Communicated the vision and priorities to the team| 1. The executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil2. Challenged the team for the innovation of new model using new technology| 1. Toyota unveiled the Prius in Japan in October 1997, two months ahead of schedule. 2. Made strategy plans for introducing cars to US and other prospective continents| Management and Team level| 1. Engaged in improving the existing internal combustion engine technology2. Started making refinements to the existing technology | 1. Team committed to the course of action using hybrid technology. 2. Came up with around 80 alternatives. 3. Identified numerous problems heat, reliability, noise, and cost. 4. Narrowed the list to four models. 5. After endless fussing and tweaking, the team finally reached 66 miles per gallon the 100% mileage improvement. | 1. Team has started putting efforts towards with second and third generation Prius. 2. Redesigned the model for making it more appealing to the consumers. | Marketing /Sales Team| 1. Identification of the growing oil prices. 2. Identification of Growing middle class around the world. | 1. Raised the concern that Premium price for the hybrid would make it impossible to sell. 2. Challenged with building consumer technology awareness. | 1. Devised new marketing ways to cut down dealership costs in US. 2. Devised new ways to boost the sales through internet, relied on grass-roots marketing, and public relations events|.

Denition Of Baby Dumping Theology Religion Essay

Denition Of Baby Dumping Theology Religion Essay The issues of the baby dumping become a contemporary issues that never decrease in term of their quantity. Nowadays, this issues become more worse compared to previous years. We can say that, the baby dumping activities always happening almost everyday. According to the Headquarters of Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM), they stated that, the meaning of the baby dumping is the act of leaving away their babies at the any places without taking care of that babies. According to the Community, Family and Women Ministry, the issues of baby dumping already had achieved almost to thousand per a year. This cases become a hot and big topic around malaysians people. Many parties had already discussing about this problem that commonly happen in Malay communities. The question that we should always asking is, why this problems always happen toward our teenagers? According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia it define baby dumping as a social problem that happen when the mother of the baby want to abondent or have willing to leave their children in public or private places with the intent to dispose their baby without have heart to take care their babies. Usually this kind of cases happened when the mother of the baby have giving birth to the unwanted babies. Thus, to cover all their mistakes, they take a drastic way by dispose their own babies. Besides that, the Wikipedia also defined baby dumping as a rejecting and throwing a baby away after the mother of the baby have giving a birth and exposeing their baby with the danger in a means to make sure their baby death. In addition, according to Kamus Dewan Edisi 4, page 208, the term dumping give a means throw, delete and remove while the meaning for the word baby is a newborn child by the mother. If we combined the meaning of the baby dumping, it give to us a deep meaning as a dumped or eliminate the innocent child to everywhere without have any humane nature. The meaning that was given by the dictionary give a more and better understand about the issues that was always happened and occured in our country. Besides that, baby dumping also can be defined as when a pair of irresponsible parent either already married or not make a decision to just abandon their unwanted baby in unfavorable places such as dumpstair, abondan places even in front of other houses. ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO CURB THE BABY DUMPING Some of the steps that was taken by the parties either by government, parent and school cannot brought a successfull method in order to overcome this kind of issue. Therefore, it is important to discuss the alternative ways in order to curb this baby dumping problems. GOVERNMENT The other alternatives that government shall take is set up the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Bank. It is was proposed by Selangor police, Chief Datuk Khalid Abu Bakar in year 2010. In Malaysia, using DNA Bank to solve the crime cases like baby dumping is a one of the new approach. The DNA Bank will give a lot of benefict for the police by facilitate their investigation. For baby dumping cases, DNA Bank can trace the parents that abandoned their newborn babies because DNA Bank will keep the DNA of all newborn babies. Thus, any person that abandoned their babies will easily to get trace by the police. Besides the baby dumping cases, DNA Bank also can help the police in other crime cases, like murder, robbery cases and so on. Eventhough this facilities will give alot of benefit to solve the crime issues, but it may going to take a time and need a lot of cost to build this facilities in our country. However, it still become a best solution to address cases that related with baby dumping p roblems. Second alternatives that government can take in action is reconstruct the syllabus. The present syllabus that our children used today is good enough to them become acknowledgeable person but there are leakage in creating an awareness to our children regarding the sexual relationship. Thus, government should reconstruct or add the syllabus in certain subject like in Pendidikan Islam and Pendidikan Moral. The element that can create and rise the awareness and could highlight the consequences of social problem like free sex and baby dumping should be emphasized. Besides reconstruct the syllabus, the government also should exterminate the pornographic material either from internet or in form of electronic multimedia. This kind of things will influence the teenager to do a bad thing easily if the immediate and the drastic step did not take by the government. Nowadays, teenagers can access this pornographic material by using the internet so government should block all this matter from ente r to our country. Set a strict rule also can be taken by government in order to overcome this cases. The promotion of islam as a way of life also can be a excellent alternative to reduce the number of baby dumping statistic because the majority person that involved in baby dumping cases are muslim youth. Therefore, the government can hired the islamic scholar or ulama to take a reesponsible to explain and have a some talk about the religion to our young generation. Beside that, when there is a program or when there is a national celebration, the government could invited the religious person or motivator to motivate our citizen instead of invite the singer to organise their concert. One of the politician in our country had said that, one of the reason why the baby dumping in our country increase for every year is due to the entertaiment that they easily to get. Too entertaimnet that didnot give any benefit for them will cause them to get chances involve in social problem. Other than that, government also should give a support for NGO activities. One of the method that NGO organised t o overcome this problem is by providing baby hatch. The baby hatch was get supported by our Ministry of Women, Family Community development. The function of baby hatch is to help the women especially the young women that need help from abandoning their babies by providing place for them to leave their unwanted babies instead of throwing them in unsuitable places. Thus, this baby hatch should be build in other state so that this problem can resolved. SCHOOL School plays important role to help in curbing the baby dumping problem among the teenagers. The first alternative that the school should do is increase the knowledge and social skill among the teenagers. The teacher should not just teach the students about the knowledge in textbook, but they also should have iniciative to teach the student about the general knowledge including the sexuality issues. The students should know how worse the social problem that just happening in our country. They also should have some knowledge how to take care themselve from being trapping in free sex and also baby dumping cases. Besides that, the teenagers also need some skill to make decision about when they should initiate with sex, with whom and under what circumstances they should know about the sex. Besides the knowledges, school also should provided the martial art class. This martial art class is important to teenager to have a some skill to defence them from be a victim in sexuality issue. The second alternative is school should offer reproductive health service and contraception. Normally, the facilities was only exist in public and private family planning clinic. Thus, the teenagers that have some problem in sexuality relationship may feel embarrassed due to the perception of cammunity toward them. We should take some example from United State, they also offer reproductive health in school to give their students the knowledges regarding with the sexual relationship. By providing this service in school, the students can use it to get counseling session regarding with their sexuality relationship. To overcome the baby dumping issues, besides give counseling, the service also can organise communication program for parents and teen to discuss about the teenagers problem in sex education. It is important to enhance the teens sense of personal development and to parent in knowing about their children problems. The third method that the school can do is by applying the sex education to their students. Sex education in school is a better option to overcome this problem. But, many parties may have a wrong perception toward the objective of sex education in school. actually, it is not the teacher teach the student about how to have a safe free sex, but the objective of sex education are to provide the awareness to the students and let them to have a better understanding of reproductive system and health. It is important to provide the students especially female students about the consequences of having a relationship with a boy in a early stage. Beside that, sex education could give the extra knowledge and tend to reduce the number of unprotected sexual intercourse and also illegal pregnancy. We should learn from Singapore, they addressed the issues much better and faster than us. Now, the sex education was formally taught in upper primary school until the pre university level. The objective t hat Singapore emphasized regarding the sex education are to building the teenagers that mature and be responsible with their own body. PARENT Parents play a high role to teach their kids to become good in their own behavior. Thus, the role of parent in curbing the baby dumping need to address very well. First of all, the parent should openly discussed about the sex education with their children. Eventhough the topic about the sex education is still taboo to aur culture, but it is important to prevent the teenage to get the wrong information about sex from wrong sources. Parents always refuse and opposed to discuss about the sex with their children and leave the respnsible to the teacher only. Thus, the parent should take their own role to reduce the number of baby dumping in our country. The parent should have initiative to story the consequences of being in a relationship in an early stage to their children. The children should know how they should respect their own body by not letting any men touch their body without have any legal relationship. Beside that, if the children asking the questions, the parent should provide the actual answer to their children. They should not give a wrong answer because the children may have cinfusing in understanding that topic. Second alternative that the parent could taken is supervise their children activities. Parent should know very well about what their children do and with who their children befriend. If necessary, parent should control their children when they frequently love to hangout with their friend instead of staying at home. Once, before egulate all their children activities including their children social life, but now parents is different. They believe that their children can manage their life very well even without their parent guide. They also should firm their childrem activities relating with the activities that do not good for their life. Sometimes, parents did not give a full attention to their children because of too much spending with their work. Thus, the children feel boring staying at home by themselve and finally take a decision to hangout with their friends that tend to involve in social problem. So, parent should spent their time with their children in order to understand their children behaviour and problems.

Extended Families :: essays research papers

Extended Families in the African American Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some lines attributed to Victor Hugo which read: â€Å"She broke the bread into two fragments and gave them to her children, who ate with eagerness. ‘She hath kept none for herself,’ grumbled the sergeant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’Because she is not hungry,’ said a soldier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’No,’ said the sergeant, ‘because she is a mother.’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These lines of writ are truly identifiable in my past. I have no doubt that my mother would sacrifice her own comfort, as she often has, in order to assure that I, myself, have that which I desire and need. However I would surely be remorsed if I failed to admit that my happiest times come not only when I am in the company of my mother but also in the company with my father, brothers, and sister. The joys of a family are surely among the great gifts of God. It is this feeling of unity that I hate to see withheld from any human being, having experienced this fullness of joy myself. It is this reason among others that pains me to read the accounts of early African Americans that were enslaved and oft robbed of their biological families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two pieces that I have most enjoyed reading, Equiano and Douglas, talked of this most severe suffering and pain. Equiano writes, â€Å"I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over in, in the man’s apartment, there were several brothers, who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion to see their distress and hear their cries at parting†¦Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.† Equiano who had already been stripped of his sister, with whom he was taken captive, would learn that if they had been brought to the auction block together, they still, most assuredly, would have been taken by two distinct masters and hence forced to live their confinements apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick Douglas recounts quite a different way in which he was stripped of his family. Following popular practice, his mother was sold while he was still an infant to a neighboring farm and he recalls seeing her only â€Å"four or five times. Extended Families :: essays research papers Extended Families in the African American Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some lines attributed to Victor Hugo which read: â€Å"She broke the bread into two fragments and gave them to her children, who ate with eagerness. ‘She hath kept none for herself,’ grumbled the sergeant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’Because she is not hungry,’ said a soldier   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"’No,’ said the sergeant, ‘because she is a mother.’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These lines of writ are truly identifiable in my past. I have no doubt that my mother would sacrifice her own comfort, as she often has, in order to assure that I, myself, have that which I desire and need. However I would surely be remorsed if I failed to admit that my happiest times come not only when I am in the company of my mother but also in the company with my father, brothers, and sister. The joys of a family are surely among the great gifts of God. It is this feeling of unity that I hate to see withheld from any human being, having experienced this fullness of joy myself. It is this reason among others that pains me to read the accounts of early African Americans that were enslaved and oft robbed of their biological families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two pieces that I have most enjoyed reading, Equiano and Douglas, talked of this most severe suffering and pain. Equiano writes, â€Å"I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over in, in the man’s apartment, there were several brothers, who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion to see their distress and hear their cries at parting†¦Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.† Equiano who had already been stripped of his sister, with whom he was taken captive, would learn that if they had been brought to the auction block together, they still, most assuredly, would have been taken by two distinct masters and hence forced to live their confinements apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frederick Douglas recounts quite a different way in which he was stripped of his family. Following popular practice, his mother was sold while he was still an infant to a neighboring farm and he recalls seeing her only â€Å"four or five times.

Jazz Music between World Wars Essay

The jazz craze in music during the 1920s reflected a general spirit of the times for many commentators like Seldes that this decade became known as the Jazz Age. Following World War I, jazz music certainly captured the popular imagination. The rapid popularity of jazz music led to its equally rapid spread among musicians. No other style up to this time in American popular music so quickly came to dominate popular performance. The American vernacular, which had already made significant inroads into the commercial popular music market, had captured popular tastes at an unprecedented level, seemingly sweeping aside the old â€Å"standards. † And just as ragtime and syncopated dance music became part of earlier commercial popular music, the dominance of jazz in the 1920s also represented a major triumph of the black vernacular in American popular music. The jazz craze began through the influence of non-professional musicians. While still marginal to most legitimate venues, non-professional musicians performing the jazz vernacular were attracting audiences to clubs, theaters, restaurants, and were popular in the speakeasies of the 1920s. They also had opportunities for their music to reach a broader audience in a booming record market following World War I. Professional musicians, however, quickly adopted jazz music in their orchestras and smaller bands. They co-opted the jazz fever while simultaneously distancing themselves from non-professionals. (Charters, 39-43) By occupying the most lucrative jobs in theaters, dance halls, hotels, and other venues, professional musicians positioned themselves as the premier interpreters of this new vernacular idiom in commercial popular music. The common defense of jazz as good music during the Jazz Age embraced the professional musicians and professional composers who performed and created jazz music, not the non-professional musicians who first introduced it. In adopting jazz idioms, professional musicians were simply continuing the process of cultivating the American vernacular. Black professional musicians were already adopting black vernacular idioms in their music making in earlier syncopated society orchestras and simply adopted jazz idioms as well as the name in their â€Å"jazz† orchestras. (Bushell, 72-75) White professional musicians had performed rags as part of their repertoire in the past, but with the jazz craze, many were quick to adopt syncopated dance and jazz practices in some form as the defining style of their profession. White professional musicians also quickly followed black professional musicians in transforming their bands into jazz orchestras, and just as quickly claimed to be the modern proponents of this new American popular music. Black and white professional jazz orchestras in the 1920s established the basic instrumentation, arrangement, and techniques of the big band dance orchestras that dominated American popular music until the 1950s. In the 1920s, an emerging new ideal of good music involved a balancing of the previous cultivated practices and cultivated music of professional musicians with popular vernacular idioms. The proper balance, however, was hotly debated. Professional musicians would constantly distance themselves from the pure vernacular of non-professional musicians. In defending their balance of the cultivated and the vernacular in popular performance, popular tastes, however, were demanding jazz music and a professional musician would be remiss to ignore his patrons in the popular music market as much as stodgy critics and some professional musicians would rail against the pernicious influence of jazz. Professional musicians in mediating the popular music market had to continue to navigate the moral, aesthetic, class, and racial construction of good music in America. While popular tastes in musical entertainment promoted the black vernacular in commercial popular music, the plight of the African American community in the United States continued to be dire. Some leaders in the black community had hoped that African Americans’ participation during World War I in both the military and in industry, and the Great Migration out of the Jim Crow South, would change their fortunes as segregated and oppressed second class citizens. The post-war years, however, dashed most hopes of any immediate positive change. (DeVeaux, 6-29) Race relations went in the opposite direction. Race riots sprung up across the nation while lynching continued to be a regular occurrence. Efforts continued to secure the legal segregation of black communities, and the labor movement continued to exclude blacks. The Ku Klux Klan reached its peak membership and popularity during the 1920s. The segregation and denigration of the black community was also reflected in the social organization of American music. (Hansen, 493-97) Besides the segregation of audiences and most venues, black professional musicians also remained outside the artistic community of white professional musicians in terms of unions, band organizations, and this community’s vision of a professional class of artist in America. The balance of the cultivated and the vernacular among professional musicians also continued to run against elitist conceptions of popular music and popular musicians as less legitimate than the music, musicians, and composers of the European cultivated tradition of classical and opera music. Black professional musicians also continued to strive to break through the barriers erected against them in the world of European cultivated music. This continuing tension in the implied lower status of professional musicians who performed American popular music erupted during the Jazz Age into an open rebellion against the European cultivated tradition. Professional musicians in jazz orchestras attempted to counter the singular role claimed by the European cultivated tradition. These musicians asserted that jazz was a true American or African American school of fine art music in contrast to cultivated European music – a populist appeal for high art legitimacy. This high art turn in American popular music, however, ultimately failed when the depression wreaked havoc on the popular music market. With the introduction of a new popular music market of live performances, records, broadcasts, and films, the quest for legitimacy among professional popular musicians would have to take another route. It was a period where professional popular musicians in adopting the jazz vernacular went against the reigning cultural hierarchy in America. (Peretti, 234-40) The period following World War I was a crucial turning point in American popular music. The American vernacular in general was storming the ramparts of the old edifice of good music as Tin Pan Alley song and dance dominated popular performance. Both professional and nonprofessional musicians also were benefiting from more affluent times and the growing importance of entertainment in the lives of most urban Americans. To the chagrin of elite and moral defenders of nineteenth century cultural idealism, most urban Americans were readily joining a Cultural Revolution in commercial popular entertainment. And at the center of this revolution was the national craze for jazz music and jazz dance. The jazz craze made syncopated rhythms and other black vernacular idioms central elements of American popular music making. While many small jazz bands performed a black vernacular style of music from the Delta Region of New Orleans, jazz music in the 1920s encompassed not only this style but syncopated dance music, blues music, piano rags, and virtually any tune jazzed up by musicians. The jazz craze in essence was the craze for the black vernacular among popular audiences and the performance of this vernacular in some form by popular musicians and popular singers both professional and non-professional. The extent to which musicians and singers actually adopted the black vernacular rather than a superficial imitation – critique later jazz critics would make of certain sweet jazz during the 1920s – is less important than the fact that jazz entered the consciousness of the nation and musicians as the reigning popular music. The word Jazz seems to have found a permanent place in the vocabulary of popular music. It was used originally as an adjective describing a band that in playing for dancing were so infected with their own rhythm that they themselves executed as much, if not more, contortions than the dancers. The popularity of the raggy music has created a demand for music with exaggerated syncopation, an attempt as it were to produce the wonderful broken rhythms of the primitive African jungle orchestra. The jazz craze also coincided with the growth of black entertainment. During the 1920s, black entertainment districts like the South Side in Chicago and Harlem in New York City witnessed a major boom. Besides entertaining the large black populations of The Great Migration, black musicians and singers were entertaining white audiences who went uptown for their entertainment. The boom in the 1920s in black entertainment, as Kenny (1993, 89-92) and Shaw (1987, 122-30) show, was driven by the demand for the black vernacular. In musical theater, musical revues, vaudeville, dance, and speakeasies, the black vernacular and black artists were in demand. This demand was met not only in black entertainment districts, but also outside these districts as black artists performed for white audiences in musical revues, dance halls, and clubs in white entertainment districts. The popularity of the black vernacular also increased when record producers discovered a race market in black music. Most members of the New England School of cultivated music like Mason, and other defenders of the old ideal of good music, were stridently against the influence of jazz in both popular music and classical music. Repeating the moral, aesthetic, class, and racial epithets used to condemn the popularization of vernacular jazz, the guardians of the old ideal ridiculed any idea of jazz meriting the status of high art or even having an influence on serious music composition and performance. As David Stanley Smith, Professor of Music at Yale University, argued in The Musician of August 1926, jazz music’s â€Å"monotonous rhythm, as unvaried as the chug-chug of a steam engine, enslaves its practitioners within a formula, and induces in composer, performer, and listener a stupor of mind and emotion. † On the other hand, many of those individuals who embraced â€Å"modernism† in cultivated music were sympathetic to jazz music. These modernists emphasized jazz as the legitimate expression of the times and a nation. (Stewart, 102-109) The debate within the cultivated tradition between old idealists and modernists on the influence of jazz revolved mainly around the influence of popular jazz on serious music composition and performance. That the question would be posed in such a manner spoke to how, by the 1920s, the European cultivated tradition had organizationally and ideologically broken from the world of commercial popular music. Crossover between popular music and cultivated music occurred during the 1920s, but organizational and ideological barriers left little chance that jazz musicians would transform the cultivated tradition. The very formation of a separate world of cultivated music in the United States was predicated on its distinction from commercial popular music, popular musicians, and popular tastes – a distinction further exacerbated by jazz music being an expression of the black vernacular. The influence of jazz within the cultivated tradition, however, was debated during the 1920s as professional musicians laid claim to a truly American art form and modernists promoted the incorporation of jazz in serious music composition and performance. (Badger, 48-67) Traditionalists, of course, had reason to be optimistic as the economic depression following the 1929 stock market crash wreaked havoc on the commercial market of popular jazz music. Defenders of the European cultivated tradition also had reason to celebrate as the confident proclamations of professional musicians on jazz as America’s first authentic art receded to the background as these musicians adjusted to changed economic circumstances and a new popular music market. Professional musicians’ struggle for legitimacy during the Jazz Age, however, laid the ideological and musical foundation upon which the next generation of professional musicians would construct a modern jazz paradigm. In their quest for legitimacy as professional artists, they were the first popular artists to attempt to transform the moral, aesthetic, class, and racial constructions of the old ideal of good music in America. While their efforts contained their own complicity in manners of distinction, the contradictions of an elite populism embedded in a racist culture, they did struggle to create an alternative understanding of art and society in America. As the self-appointed mediators of the American vernacular, professional musicians and composers ardently worked to construct an alternative form of good music to that of the European cultivated music tradition – a music reflecting in some fashion the world of popular audiences and popular tastes. ( DeVeaux, 525-40) In this process of syncretism, the reinvention and reinterpretation of musical idioms and practices, these artists created the American big band dance orchestra and the Tin Pan Alley song that dominated American popular music until the middle of the twentieth century. While jazz did not become a universally recognized American high art form during the Jazz Age, professional musicians and composers transformed it into legitimate popular art music, although at the expense of those non-professional vernacular musicians who did not assimilate into their profession. The need for professional musicians to legitimate popular dance orchestras disappeared after the 1920s, and the old ideal of good music no longer occupied this professional class of musician. (Gioia, 213-20) The emergence of an alternative ideal of good music among professional musicians signaled a final separation between popular music making and the cultivated tradition in American music. This break was both ideological and practical; a reflection of both a new professional ethos among professional musicians and the culmination of the division in the social organization of American music between the world of popular music and the world of European cultivated music. (Lopes, 25-36) The previous crisscrossing professionally between the cultivated tradition and popular music making was no longer part of this profession. The future big band leaders and musicians of the Swing Era began their professional careers not in symphonies, but in the small jazz ensembles and jazz orchestras of the Jazz Age. The fate of jazz was seemed threatened by the power over popular music of a new mass media industry of broadcasts, recordings, and film. Just when the fortunes of jazz seemed dead and buried, however, the swing craze reignited popular interest in the cultivated jazz vernacular. (Hennessey, 156-60) The promotion of sweet music and the subsequent swing craze, however, set in motion a new distinction within the profession of musician. No longer than singularly obsessed with the world of European cultivated music, professional musicians who assimilated the black jazz vernacular now viewed sweet music as their more direct nemesis. The race and class boundaries articulated in the old ideal of good music were now articulated more directly for professional musicians in the distinction between the popular music cultures of sweet and swing.